Duration Based

• Working Memory
• Short-Term Memory -typically lasts seconds
• Long-Term Memory - (includes recall and writing - the ability to learn, such as learn a new symbol and use it the next day.)

Context Based

• Episodic Memory(autobiographical – time, self)
• Semantic Memory (factual)
• Visual Memory
• Visuo-Spatial Memory
• Auditory Memory: memory for sound patterns (um)
• Procedural Memory
• Musical Memory
• Prospective Memory - remembering to do things in the future, such as keep appointments, return a book to the library, or pay bills on time
• Emotional Memory

Awareness based

• Implicit memory: (non-declarative memory)
• Explicit Memory: (declarative memory, intentional use of memory)

Also memories can be stored and recalled as

• Associative Memory (MA)
• Meaningful Memory (MM)
• Free-recall Memory(M6)

May have impaired:

• Short-Term Memory
• Visual Memory
• Visuo-spatial Memory
• Auditory Memory
• Procedural Memory
• Prospective Memory

Receptive and Expressive Aphasia may result in impaired short term memory which can impact on re-learning language as can the impairment of auditory memory for relearning correct articulation and visual memory that affects reading and writing. Visuo-spatial Memory maybe an issue with the inability to remember how to get to places and recall locations, not helped if procedural memory is also involved where the order of doing things is affected. This is usually automatic but actions may have to be relearnt and there can be involvement of prospective memory that involves being aware of when certain activities have to be performed.

Impaired auditory (verbal) short-term memory, and explicit long-term memory. However, visuospatial short-term memory, associative learning, and implicit long-term memory functions are preserved.

Short-term auditory memory, which can affect writing to long-term auditory memory.

Visual memory is often far-stronger.

Difficulty remembering information.

There may be problems with memory, and integration of Episodic Memory (past experience) with present action.

Memory may be affected: Mainly Visuo-Spatial and Procedural Memory for layout, schedules, or sequences; and Prospective Memory for things such as financial planning.

Affected in dementia: Primarily new memories and working memory. Long-term memory becomes affected as dementia progresses. Age related cognitive decline may result in slight forgetfulness.

Working memory may be affected.

Executive Functions

• Emotional Control and Self-Monitoring
• Shift (also called task flexibility)
• Initiation
• Planning/Organization and
• Execution
• Judgment

Sometimes affected: Planning/Organization

Those with Aphasia may have executive-functional difficulties especially if emotional lability is an issue. Cognitive impairment can affect cause and effect; and therefore planning and organization; as well as execution.

Problems with executive function, including:

• Difficulty with organizing and planning;
• difficulty working within time limits;
• sequences;
• emotional control and self monitoring; and judgment.

Sometimes affected:

• problem-solving;
• time management;
• planning and organization;
• emotional control and self monitoring; and inappropriate speech or behavior.

Shift can be strongly affected.

Sometimes affected when involving numbers or time such as getting the right bus/train at the right time and on the correct platform.

All Executive Functions are affected in dementia. Sometimes Executive Function is affected in age-related cognitive decline, such as Shift and judgment (less often).

Executive function may be affected.

• Fluid Reasoning (logical reasoning).
• Mathematical Intelligence
• Seriation - reasoning via seriation including organization. Conservation and Classification
• Behavioral -(or cognitive) component involving memory, such as long-term autobiographical memory.
• Crystallized Intelligence (sometimes called comprehension- knowledge) is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience.
• Abstraction

Typically not affected

Where intellectual capacity is affected there may be issues with reasoning, learning and thus remembering plus abstraction.

Typically affected.

• Slow speed of information processing, such as a 'penny dropping' delay between hearing or reading something, and understanding and responding to it.
• Difficulty with Seriation, such as sequencing of events; strings of numbers and letters; time.

Typically affected:

• Behavioral intelligence, and understanding or relating to feelings;
• Interested in people, but not know how to talk, play, or relate to them;
• Difficulty dealing with change.

Mathematical intelligence is also often affected.

Typically affected:

• Mathematical Intelligence;
• Seriation (such as estimating how much food to buy); and
• Abstraction.

• Often affected in dementia including Behavioral.
• Crystallized Intelligence may be the strongest form of reasoning.
• Age-related cognitive decline can also lightly affect problem solving and reasoning.

Typically not affected other than planning, time estimates, and short-term recall, which is part of executive function.

• Selective Attention -the ability to attend to some stimuli while disregarding others that are irrelevant to the task at hand.
• Divided Attention
• Sustained Attention

Selective Attention may be affected.

Shortened-attention span can occur with Aphasia.

Difficulties with sustained attention.

Typically affected.

Affected in dementia.

Affected

• Speech Perception
• Speech
• Literacy

See below for more details.

Aphasia can cause difficulties with word finding, the meanings of words and sentences, grammar and comprehension affecting the ability to communicate.

Typically affected.

Speech Perception depends upon:

• Auditory Discrimination (Note: not loss of hearing, butidentification and differentiation of sounds, also called general-sound discrimination (u3),
• Temporal Tracking (uk)
• Listening Ability (ls)
• Naming Skills (n)
• MorphosyntaxThe system of the internal structure of words (morphology) and the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences (syntax).

Note: There is also related memory, such as working memory, auditory memory - see above. There is also knowledge required (see below), such as:

• Grammar
• Metaphors
• Lexical

Often affected:

• Auditory
  • Discrimination
  • Temporal tracking
  • Naming skills
• Morphosyntax
• related memory

 Individuals may have difficulties coping with the sounds that make up speech being unable to interpret their meaning which affects understanding and speech output.

• Problems with morphosyntax.
• Problems with short-term auditory memory, affecting writing to long term auditory memory
• weaker-expressive language, and grammatical skills
• overall delayed language and speech development

Affected in dementia and, to a much-lesser degree, by age-related cognitive decline (temporal tracking).

Understanding figural language, such as: a simile, onomatopoeia, personification, an oxymoron, a paradox, an allusion, an idiom, and a pun. This is the ability to understand figural language, and does not include knowledge of metaphors.

Not affected

Idioms, metaphors, similes and other representations of language that contain abstract notions can cause issues for those with aphasia.

Sometimes affected by dementia.

Depends upon Speech Perception and visual perception. Also depends upon:

• Phoneme Processing phonetic coding (PC)
• Cross-Modal Association (association of sign and concept)

Affected

Aquired dyslexia can be an issue with individuals having to relearn how to read, sound out words and remember how to spell.

• Problems with speech perceptions as above,
• spelling and grammar.
• Poor auditory-processing skills.

Typically affected.

Phoneme Processing and Cross-Modal Association are affected in dementia.

The visual system automatically groups elements into patterns: Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Symmetry, Common Fate (i.e. common motion), and Continuity. (Gestalt psychology)

Functions include:

• Object Recognition
• Face Recognition (seems to be a different process from object recognition [Face and object recognition (Alex Huk. (1999) "Object and Face Recognition: Lecture Notes." pp. 5]
• Visual-Pattern Recognition

All can be affected. May also have visual stress.

Not recognising letters and words impact on reading and even object recognition can be affected.

Strong visual memory but possible visual-processing difficulties

May have visual stress

Visual comprehension is often affected.

Face Recognition, Object Recognition, and Visual-Pattern Recognition

Can be affected in dementia.

Diminished visual processing speeds

• Auditory Perception (see Speech Perception above for further classifications),
• Motor Perception
• Tactile Perception
• Smell Perception
• Psychomotor Perception
• Kinesthetic Perception (body position, weight, or movement)
• Olfactory Perception and
• Sensory Perception

Auditory Perception affected

Psychomotor may be affected

Auditory perceptual difficulties affect the relearning of speech and recognition of sounds and words impacting on understanding.

Psychomotor Perception seems affected.

• Difficulty with finding the way to places or navigating
• sensitivity to noise and visual stimuli.
• Impaired ability to screen out background noise / movement.
• Sensations of mental overload
• Tendency to "switch off".

Have unusual reactions to sensory-, olfactory-, smell-, tactile-, and auditory-perception

• sensory integration
• sensitivity to physical contact
• sensitivity to loud noises

• Psychomotor Perception
• spatial orientation

Affected in dementia and, to a lesser degree, by age-related cognitive decline (such as Psychomotor Perception -Spatial/Temporal Understanding)

Developmental coordination disorder / motor clumsiness.

Types of knowledge that might be required for use of the Web include:

• Cultural Knowledge
• base Language Knowledge including:
  • Lexical (UL)
  • Jargon (subject matter)
  • Web Jargon and technology
  • Web and Technology Usages and Risks
  • Metaphors and idioms
• Symbols Knowledge (such as icons)
• Mathematical Knowledge
• Mechanical Knowledge (MK)
• Knowledge of behaviors
• Design-Metaphor Knowledge
• Design-Functions Knowledge

Typically not affected.

Aphasia does not necessarily impact on intelligence but knowledge will be trapped within the brain if the individual cannot express their thoughts.

Affected

Partial Knowledge of Behaviors

Mathematical Knowledge And Mechanical Knowledge are affected.

Affected in acquisition of new knowledge. Affected strongly in dementia

Behavioral Abstractions and social –

• Norms etc
• Social Cues
• other Behavioral

Slightly affected: Norms and Social Cues

Behaviour can be affected by lability where there can be unnatural emotions including depression. Tiredness can impact on the ability to cope with day to day activities.

Behaviour can be affected by the inability to communicate with considerable frustration occurring at times. Individuals may also become depressed and irritable, however these individuals can also show amazing resilience and understanding when issues arise.

Affected

Strongly affected (primary symptom)

Not affected

Affected in dementia

Delusions, Hallucinations

Typically not affected.

Consciousness in those who have deep Aphasia with no communication can be difficult to assess.

Not affected

Affected in dementia, such as delusions, and, to a lesser degree, by age-related cognitive decline, such as irritation and withdrawal.